The Chincanas of Sacsayhuaman: Mysterious Inca Tunnels Confirmed
Cusco, the imperial city of the Incas, continues to reveal its secrets. One of the most fascinating discoveries in recent years is the confirmation of an underground network of tunnels, known as chincanas, connecting iconic sites like Sacsayhuaman and the Coricancha. This finding not only highlights the architectural genius of the Incas but also raises new questions about their purpose and impact on the history of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire.
What are the Chincanas?
The term chincana means “labyrinth” in Quechua and is used to describe the underground routes created by the Incas. These structures, with the main one spanning 1,750 meters, connect Sacsayhuaman, the majestic archaeological complex, with the Coricancha, known as the Temple of the Sun.
Recent investigations have also identified two additional branches leading to Muyumarca and Callispuquio, suggesting these chincanas may have served purposes beyond ceremonies, such as transporting goods or strategic communication.
How Were the Chincanas Discovered?
The discovery of the chincanas was the result of years of combined historical and scientific research. Below is a summary of the key steps leading to this remarkable finding:
1. Historical References and Ancient Chronicles
Archaeologists began their search by studying chronicles from past centuries. Some of the most notable include:
- The anonymous Jesuit chronicler (1600): Described a deep cave connecting Sacsayhuaman to the Coricancha, passing beneath the city of Cusco. The account also mentioned its location near San Cristóbal.
- Garcilaso de la Vega (1609): In the Royal Commentaries of the Incas, he referenced “underground streets and avenues” linking the fortress to the temple and extending deep into the Andes.
- Ephraim Squier (19th century): This journalist and amateur archaeologist indicated that the entrance to the chincanas might be in an H-shaped temple located in the rodadero area of Sacsayhuaman.
These historical sources guided researchers to focus their search on specific locations, such as Cusco’s roads and terraces.
2. Advice from an Expert in Cusco Archaeology
Historian Manuel Chávez Ballón, known as the “father of Cusco archaeology,” advised researchers to search beneath roads and terraces. This insight proved crucial in adopting a more technical and precise approach.
3. Scientific Research Phase
The team, led by Jorge Calero Flores and Mildred Fernández Palomino, applied advanced scientific techniques to confirm the tunnels’ existence:
- Acoustic tests: Patiently, every 50 centimeters, they struck a metal plate against the ground using a sledgehammer. The intensity of the echo helped identify possible hollow structures.
- Ground-penetrating radar (GPR): This tool, which sends electromagnetic waves to capture underground images, revealed voids between 1.4 and 2.5 meters deep, surrounded by trapezoidal stone walls.
4. Structural Confirmation
The data obtained suggests the tunnels were built using a sophisticated system:
- Trenches were dug, later lined with stone walls and covered with carved beams.
- Finally, the structure was buried to build roads and terraces on top, integrating them into daily Inca life.
5. Next Step: Excavations Planned for 2025
The project continues to evolve. In March and April 2025, the team will begin excavations at key points to study the materials, construction techniques, and exact purpose of these structures. This work may uncover details about the ceremonial, defensive, or logistical uses of the chincanas, answering questions that have intrigued generations.
Thanks to this combination of history, science, and perseverance, we now know more about the incredible engineering of the Incas and the important role these underground routes played in integrating the vast Tahuantinsuyo Empire.
Historical and Cultural Importance
The chincanas highlight the Incas’ remarkable skill in architecture and engineering. These structures not only connected strategic points but also reflected an empire’s vision of integrating its territory through underground networks.
Their exact function remains a topic of debate: Were they ceremonial routes, defensive structures, or merely logistical pathways? The excavations planned for 2025 may shed more light on this intriguing enigma.
The Connection Between Sacsayhuaman and the Coricancha
The link between Sacsayhuaman and the Coricancha adds a new dimension to Cusco’s history. Both places are icons of Inca splendor:
- Sacsayhuaman: Renowned for its enormous stone blocks perfectly fitted together.
- Coricancha: Considered the most important religious center of the empire.
The underground network shows that these sites were not only spiritually connected but also physically linked.
Tourism and Exploration
This underground discovery provides yet another reason to visit Cusco. While waiting for the future excavations, you can explore these iconic locations above ground. Experience history on a tour that combines Sacsayhuaman, the Coricancha, and other archaeological treasures.
